Glossary

1. Abdominal Cramps: Painful contractions of the muscles in the abdomen.

2. Abdominal Inflammation: Inflammation occurring within the abdomen, often associated with conditions like appendicitis or peritonitis.

3. Abdominal Pain: Pain felt in the abdomen, which can be caused by various conditions including digestive issues, infections, or inflammation.

4. Adenoids: Lymphoid tissue located behind the nose, often involved in immune responses, especially during childhood.

5. Adrenals: Adrenal glands, which produce hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, crucial for regulating metabolism, immune function, and stress response.

6. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): A condition caused by the HIV virus, which weakens the immune system, making individuals susceptible to infections and certain cancers.

7. Alcoholism: A chronic condition characterized by an inability to control alcohol consumption despite negative consequences on health and social functioning.

8. Allergies: Hypersensitive reactions of the immune system to substances that are usually harmless, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, itching, or rash.

9. Alopecia: Hair loss, which can occur on the scalp or other parts of the body.

10. Anemia: A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport in the blood and symptoms like fatigue and weakness.

11. Angina: Chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles, often due to coronary artery disease.

12. Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis affecting the spine, causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness.

13. Anthrax: An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which can affect the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract.

14. Anxiety: A mental health disorder characterized by excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, often accompanied by physical symptoms like rapid heartbeat or sweating.

15. Apoplexy: A sudden loss of consciousness or paralysis, usually due to bleeding in the brain (stroke) or another acute neurological event.

16. Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine, often requiring surgical removal if untreated.

17. Appetite: The desire or need to eat, regulated by various physiological and psychological factors.

18. Arthritis: Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling.

19. Aspergillus: A genus of molds, some species of which can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

20. Asthma: A chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

21. Athlete's Foot: A fungal infection of the skin on the feet, typically causing itching, burning, and cracked skin, often occurring in people who sweat heavily or wear tight-fitting shoes.

22. Bacillus Coli Virus: A virus belonging to the family Baculoviridae, which infects insects and is sometimes used as a biological control agent against agricultural pests.

23. Backache: Pain or discomfort in the back, which can range from mild to severe and may be caused by various factors including muscle strain, injury, or underlying medical conditions.

24. Bacterial Infections: Infections caused by bacteria, which can affect various parts of the body and range from mild, localized infections to severe, life-threatening conditions.

25. Biliousness: A term used historically to describe digestive discomfort or nausea, often associated with excessive bile secretion.

26. Blood Diseases: Disorders affecting the blood, including conditions such as anemia, leukemia, and hemophilia, which can affect the production, function, or composition of blood cells or components.

27. Blood Pressure Balance: The regulation of blood pressure within a normal range, crucial for maintaining proper circulation and preventing cardiovascular problems.

28. Blood Purification: The process of removing toxins and waste products from the bloodstream, typically performed by the kidneys but also supported by the liver and lymphatic system.

29. Boils: Painful, pus-filled bumps on the skin caused by bacterial infection of hair follicles or oil glands, often treated with antibiotics or surgical drainage.

30. Brain Abscess: A localized collection of pus within the brain, usually resulting from bacterial infection and requiring prompt medical treatment to prevent serious complications.

31. Brain Diseases: Various disorders affecting the brain, including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, as well as traumatic brain injuries, tumors, and infections.

32. Breast Cancer: Cancer that forms in the cells of the breast, often starting in the milk ducts or lobules and potentially spreading to other parts of the body if not treated early.

33. Breast Diseases: Conditions affecting the breast tissue, including benign tumors, cysts, mastitis (inflammation), and breast cancer.

34. Breast Tumors: Abnormal growths or masses in the breast tissue, which may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

35. Breathing Difficulty: Difficulty or discomfort experienced while breathing, which can be caused by various respiratory conditions such as asthma, pneumonia, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

36. Bright's Syndrome: A historical term for a group of kidney disorders characterized by proteinuria (excess protein in the urine) and other symptoms, often associated with kidney inflammation or damage.

37. Bronchial Pneumonia: Pneumonia affecting the bronchioles (small airways) of the lungs, typically caused by bacterial or viral infections and characterized by cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.

38. Bronchial Diseases: Diseases affecting the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs, including conditions such as bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and bronchial asthma.

39. Bronchial Asthma: A chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

40. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, usually caused by viral or bacterial infections, resulting in coughing, mucus production, and chest discomfort.

41. Brucella Melitensis: A species of bacteria that can cause brucellosis, a zoonotic infection typically transmitted from animals to humans through consumption of contaminated dairy products or direct contact with infected animals.

42. Bubonic Plague: A severe infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, typically transmitted through flea bites and characterized by fever, swollen lymph nodes (buboes), and often fatal if untreated.

43. Bunions: Painful bony bumps that form on the joint at the base of the big toe, often caused by wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes and sometimes requiring surgical correction.

44. Burns: Injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation, resulting in tissue damage, pain, and potential complications such as infection or scarring.

45. Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion and lubricate joints, often occurring in areas subjected to repetitive motion or pressure, such as the shoulders, elbows, or knees.

46. Cancer: A group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth and the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body, with numerous types and subtypes depending on the affected tissue or organ.

47. Carbuncles: Painful, pus-filled lumps caused by bacterial infection of multiple hair follicles and surrounding tissues, often occurring on the back of the neck, shoulders, or thighs.

48. Carcinoma Cell: Cancer originating from epithelial cells, which line the surfaces and cavities of organs and tissues throughout the body, accounting for the majority of cancer cases.

49. Cardiac Tamponade: A life-threatening condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, leading to compression of the heart and impaired cardiac function.

50. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A nerve compression disorder affecting the wrist and hand, characterized by pain, tingling, and numbness in the fingers due to pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel.

51. Cataract: Clouding of the lens of the eye, resulting in blurred vision, glare, and difficulty seeing in low light conditions, often requiring surgical removal and replacement with an artificial lens.

52. Catarrh: Inflammation of mucous membranes, especially in the respiratory tract, resulting in excessive mucus production and symptoms such as congestion, coughing, and throat irritation.

53. Cerebral Palsy: A group of neurological disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and coordination, typically caused by abnormal brain development or damage before, during, or shortly after birth.

54. Cerebrospinal Conditions: Disorders affecting the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the structures of the central nervous system, including conditions such as hydrocephalus, meningitis, and syringomyelia.

55. Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus), often caused by infections such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or irritation from chemical agents.

56. Chickenpox: A highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, characterized by an itchy rash of red spots, fever, and flu-like symptoms, usually occurring in childhood.

57. Cholera: An acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, typically transmitted through contaminated water or food, leading to severe dehydration and potentially fatal if untreated.

58. Chlamydia Infections: Sexually transmitted infections caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic but can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or infertility if untreated.

59. Chlamydia Pneumoniae: A species of bacteria that can cause respiratory infections, including pneumonia and bronchitis, particularly in older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems.

60. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A complex disorder characterized by severe fatigue that is not relieved by rest and is accompanied by other symptoms such as muscle pain, impaired memory or concentration, and unrefreshing sleep.

61. Cladosporium Fulvum: A species of mold that can cause plant diseases, particularly affecting tomato plants, and can also trigger allergic reactions or respiratory symptoms in sensitive individuals.

62. Cold Sores: Painful fluid-filled blisters caused by the herpes simplex virus, typically appearing around the lips or mouth but can also occur on the nose, chin, or inside the mouth.

63. Colic: Episodes of excessive crying or fussiness in infants, often due to gastrointestinal discomfort or immature digestive systems, although the exact cause may vary.

64. Colitis: Inflammation of the colon (large intestine), leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding, with various types including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

65. Colitis Mucous Catarrh: Inflammation of the colon with excessive mucus production, often associated with conditions such as ulcerative colitis or infectious colitis.

66. Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye and inner eyelids), commonly known as pink eye, causing redness, itching, and discharge.

67. Constipation: Difficulty passing stools or infrequent bowel movements, often due to inadequate fiber intake, dehydration, lack of physical activity, or underlying medical conditions.

68. Corns: Thickened areas of skin on the feet, usually caused by friction or pressure from ill-fitting shoes, leading to pain and discomfort, with treatments including cushioning pads or removal of the thickened skin.

69. Coryza: Inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose, leading to symptoms such as congestion, runny nose, and sneezing, often associated with the common cold or allergies.

70. Costalgia: Pain in the ribs or ribcage, which can be caused by various factors including trauma, inflammation, or musculoskeletal conditions.

71. Coughing: Reflex action of the respiratory system to clear the airways of irritants or secretions, often associated with respiratory infections, allergies, or chronic conditions such as asthma or bronchitis.

72. Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder, typically caused by bacterial infection and characterized by urinary urgency, frequency, and pain or burning during urination.

73. Dandruff: Flaky, white or yellowish scales on the scalp, often caused by excessive shedding of dead skin cells, scalp dryness, or fungal overgrowth, with treatments including medicated shampoos.

74. Dental Infection: Infection of the teeth, gums, or surrounding tissues, often caused by bacteria and leading to symptoms such as toothache, swelling, and pus formation.

75. Depression: A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities, often accompanied by changes in sleep, appetite, or energy levels.

76. Detox Chemtrail: A controversial concept suggesting the need to detoxify from alleged harmful chemicals dispersed by aircraft emissions known as chemtrails, although scientific evidence supporting this claim is lacking.

77. Diabetes: A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period,

78. Diarrhea: Passage of loose or watery stools three or more times a day, often caused by infections, food intolerances, medications, or underlying medical conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

79. Digestion: The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body, involving mechanical and chemical processes occurring in the digestive tract.

80. Diphtheria: An infectious bacterial disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, characterized by a sore throat, fever, and the formation of a thick, grayish membrane in the throat or nose that can obstruct breathing.

81. Down Syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, leading to developmental delays, intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and various health issues.

82. Dysentery: An infectious disease causing inflammation of the intestines, resulting in diarrhea with blood or mucus, abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration, typically caused by bacteria or parasites.

83. Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstrual periods, often accompanied by cramping in the lower abdomen or pelvis, caused by uterine contractions and hormonal imbalances.

84. Dyspepsia: Indigestion or discomfort in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, nausea, or heartburn, with various potential causes including overeating, gastritis, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

85. E. coli: Escherichia coli, a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals, with some strains capable of causing food poisoning, urinary tract infections, or other illnesses.

86. Ear Discharge: Drainage of fluid or pus from the ear canal, often due to infections such as otitis externa (swimmer's ear) or otitis media (middle ear infection), which may require medical treatment.

87. Eczema: A chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation, itching, and redness, often with patches of dry, scaly skin or oozing blisters, commonly occurring in response to allergens or irritants.

88. Edema: Swelling caused by fluid accumulation in the body tissues, often occurring in the legs, ankles, feet, or abdomen, and associated with conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, or liver cirrhosis.

89. Endometriosis: A painful disorder in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, leading to symptoms such as pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility.

90. Enlarged Glands: Swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes or other glandular tissues in response to infection, inflammation, or underlying medical conditions such as lymphadenopathy or goiter.

91. Enuresis: Involuntary urination, especially at night (bedwetting), beyond the age when bladder control is expected, often due to developmental factors or underlying medical conditions.

92. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a tube located at the back of the testicle that stores and transports sperm, typically caused by bacterial infection and characterized by testicular pain and swelling.

93. Epilepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain and often requiring lifelong management with antiepileptic medications.

94. Erysipelas: A bacterial skin infection caused by Streptococcus bacteria, characterized by redness, swelling, and warmth of the skin, often affecting the face or legs and requiring antibiotic treatment.

95. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus, often caused by acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD), infections, or irritants, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, difficulty swallowing, or chest pain.

96. Eustachian Tube: A narrow tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and helps equalize pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment, with dysfunction contributing to conditions such as ear infections or middle ear effusion.

97. Eye Arteriosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the eyes, potentially leading to reduced blood flow, vision changes, and increased risk of eye diseases such as glaucoma or retinal artery occlusion.

98. Eye Bifocal: Eyeglasses or contact lenses with lenses containing two distinct optical powers (distance and near vision), often used to correct presbyopia or other refractive errors affecting both near and distant vision.

99. Eye Cataract: Clouding of the lens of the eye, resulting in blurred or decreased vision, often associated with aging, but can also be caused by factors such as trauma, medications, or underlying medical conditions.

100. Eye Discharge: Secretion of fluid or mucus from the eye, which can be normal or indicative of eye infections, allergies, or other ocular conditions requiring evaluation and treatment.

101. Eye Disorders: Various conditions affecting the structures of the eye, including refractive errors, infections, inflammations, or degenerative diseases, which can impact vision and eye health.

102. Eye Drop of Lid: A drooping or sagging of the upper eyelid, often due to weakness or paralysis of the muscles that control eyelid movement, with causes including neurological disorders, trauma, or age-related changes.

103. Eye Floaters: Small, dark spots or squiggly lines that appear to float in the field of vision, caused by tiny fibers or clumps within the vitreous humor of the eye and usually harmless, although sudden onset or changes may require evaluation by an eye specialist.

104. Eye Fusarium: A fungal infection of the eye caused by Fusarium species, typically affecting contact lens wearers or individuals with compromised immune systems, with symptoms including pain, redness, and vision loss.

105. Eye Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage, and progressive vision loss, often associated with age, genetics, or other risk factors, and requiring lifelong management to prevent vision impairment or blindness.

106. Eye Hemorrhage: Bleeding into the tissues or chambers of the eye, caused by trauma, vascular abnormalities, or underlying medical conditions, with symptoms ranging from minor spots to significant vision impairment depending on the location and severity of the hemorrhage.

107. Eye Infected: A condition in which the eye is affected by microbial agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to inflammation, redness, discharge, and potential vision changes, with treatments including antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals depending on the underlying cause.

108. Eye Inflammation: Inflammation of the tissues or structures of the eye, which can affect the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, or other parts, leading to symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, or vision changes.

109. Eye Nerve Pain: Pain originating from the optic nerve or surrounding structures, often described as sharp, stabbing, or throbbing, and associated with conditions such as optic neuritis, glaucoma, or eye trauma.

110. Eye Strain: Discomfort or fatigue experienced in the eyes, often due to prolonged periods of reading, computer use, or other visually demanding tasks, with causes including improper lighting, uncorrected vision problems, or focusing on nearby objects for extended periods without breaks.

111. Eye Swollen Lid: Swelling or puffiness of the eyelids, which can be caused by allergies, infections, inflammation, or trauma, and may be accompanied by redness, pain, or difficulty opening the eyes.

112. Eyes Crossed: Misalignment of the eyes, known as strabismus, where one or both eyes turn inward, outward, upward, or downward, resulting in double vision, reduced depth perception, or amblyopia ("lazy eye").

113. Eyesight to Improve: The desire or effort to enhance visual acuity or clarity of vision, often achieved through corrective measures such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery, as well as lifestyle changes to promote eye health.

114. Facial Cramps: Involuntary contractions or spasms of the facial muscles, often caused by fatigue, stress, nerve damage, or underlying medical conditions such as dystonia or Bell's palsy.

115. Facial Paralysis: Loss of voluntary muscle movement in the face, typically affecting one side and resulting in drooping or weakness of the facial muscles, often caused by nerve damage or infections such as Bell's palsy or stroke.

116. Fainting: Temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to the brain, often triggered by emotional stress, pain, dehydration, low blood sugar, or underlying medical conditions such as heart arrhythmias or neurological disorders.

117. Falling Hair: Excessive shedding or loss of hair from the scalp, known as alopecia, which can be caused by genetics, hormonal changes, medications, autoimmune diseases, or underlying medical conditions affecting hair growth cycles.

118. Fascia: Connective tissue that surrounds and supports muscles, organs, and other structures throughout the body, providing structural integrity, transmitting forces, and facilitating movement, with dysfunction or restrictions contributing to pain, stiffness, or movement limitations.

 119. Fever: Elevated body temperature above the normal range, usually in response to infection, inflammation, or other physiological stressors, serving as a protective immune response to inhibit pathogen growth and enhance immune function.

120. Fibroma: A benign tumor or growth composed of fibrous connective tissue, often occurring in the skin, soft tissues, or organs, with most fibromas being noncancerous and asymptomatic but may cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns if large or located in sensitive areas.

121. Fibromyalgia Nerve: Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive dysfunction, with nerve abnormalities and central sensitization thought to contribute to symptom generation and amplification.

122. Fibromyalgia: A chronic pain syndrome characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive dysfunction, with underlying mechanisms involving abnormalities in pain processing, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and central sensitization.

123. Fissures: Narrow openings or cracks in the skin, mucous membranes, or tissues, often caused by trauma, dryness, or underlying medical conditions such as anal fissures, which can be painful and may lead to infection or bleeding.

124. Fistula Ulcer: An abnormal connection or passageway that forms between two organs, tissues, or body cavities due to injury, infection, or inflammation, with examples including anal fistulas or enterocutaneous fistulas, often requiring surgical intervention for closure.

125. Flatulence: Excessive gas production in the digestive system, leading to bloating, belching, or passing gas through the rectum, with causes including swallowed air, fermentation of undigested carbohydrates by gut bacteria, or underlying gastrointestinal disorders.

126. Flu Grippe Influenza: Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious viral respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, sore throat, and fatigue, with seasonal outbreaks occurring worldwide.

127. Flu Spanish: The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was a global outbreak of influenza caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus, resulting in an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.

128. Flu Triple Nosode: A homeopathic remedy derived from three strains of influenza virus (A, B, and C), purportedly used for prevention or treatment of flu-like symptoms, although scientific evidence supporting its efficacy is lacking.

129. Flu Virus: Influenza virus, a type of RNA virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family, with several subtypes and strains circulating among humans and animals, causing seasonal flu outbreaks and occasional pandemics.

130. Flukes: Parasitic flatworms belonging to the class Trematoda, which infect various animals and humans, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, liver fluke infection, or lung fluke infection, transmitted through contaminated water or ingestion of infected intermediate hosts.

131. Food Poisoning: Illness caused by consuming contaminated food or beverages containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever, with severity ranging from mild to life-threatening.

132. Foot Blisters: Fluid-filled lesions or bubbles that form on the skin of the feet, usually due to friction, pressure, or burns, with treatments including protective padding, blister drainage, and proper wound care to prevent infection.

133. Frostbite: Tissue damage caused by freezing temperatures, leading to skin and underlying tissue injury, numbness, discoloration, and potentially severe complications such as gangrene, requiring prompt rewarming and medical treatment.

134. Fungus and Mold: Fungi are microorganisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, with mold referring specifically to multicellular fungi that grow in filaments (hyphae) and reproduce by forming spores, often found in indoor environments, damp areas, or organic materials, with some species causing allergies, respiratory problems, or infections in humans.

135. Fusarium: A genus of filamentous fungi found in soil, plants, and water, with some species capable of causing infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with compromised skin barriers, leading to localized or systemic diseases such as keratitis, onychomycosis, or invasive fungal infections.

136. Fusarium Oxysporum: A species of soilborne fungus known for causing vascular wilt diseases in a wide range of plants, including crops, ornamentals, and trees, with some strains also posing a risk of causing opportunistic infections in humans, especially in immunocompromised individuals or those with pre-existing skin lesions.

137. Gallbladder Disease: Disorders affecting the gallbladder, including inflammation (cholecystitis), gallstones (cholelithiasis), or dysfunction in bile storage or secretion, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or jaundice, with complications such as pancreatitis or cholangitis requiring medical intervention.

138. Gallstones: Hardened deposits of bile components, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts, causing pain, inflammation, and potentially obstructing bile flow, with risk factors including obesity, diet high in fat or cholesterol, rapid weight loss, or genetic predisposition.

139. Gangrene: Death and decay of body tissues due to insufficient blood supply (ischemia) or bacterial infection, leading to tissue necrosis, discoloration, and foul odor, with dry gangrene resulting from reduced blood flow and wet gangrene involving bacterial infection and tissue decomposition, often requiring surgical intervention or amputation.

140. Gardnerella: Gardnerella vaginalis is a bacterium associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal infection characterized by vaginal discharge, odor, and irritation, although G. vaginalis can also be found in healthy individuals, and BV may involve other bacterial species.

141. Gasser’s Syndrome: Gasser's syndrome, also known as trigeminal neuralgia or tic douloureux, is a neurological condition characterized by sudden, severe facial pain along the trigeminal nerve distribution, typically triggered by mild stimulation such as touching the face or brushing teeth.

142. Gastritis: Inflammation of the lining of the stomach, often caused by irritants such as alcohol, medications, infections (e.g., Helicobacter pylori), or autoimmune disorders, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or bloating.

143. Giddiness: A sensation of lightheadedness, dizziness, or vertigo, often accompanied by feelings of imbalance, spinning, or disorientation, with various potential causes including inner ear disorders, cardiovascular problems, dehydration, or anxiety.

144. Glanders: Glanders is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia mallei, primarily affecting horses, donkeys, and other equines, with potential transmission to humans through direct contact or inhalation, leading to respiratory symptoms, skin lesions, and systemic illness.

145. Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland, resulting in a visible swelling or lump in the neck, often caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune thyroid diseases (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis), or benign or malignant thyroid nodules.

146. Gonorrhea: A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, affecting the genital tract, rectum, throat, or eyes, with symptoms including discharge, pain, or irritation, although many individuals may be asymptomatic.

147. Gout: A type of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of joint pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness, typically affecting the big toe but also other joints, due to elevated levels of uric acid leading to crystal formation in the joints.

148. Grippe: An outdated term for influenza or flu, referring to acute respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses, with symptoms including fever, chills, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and fatigue.

149. Gums: The soft tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone, which can be affected by gum diseases (periodontal diseases), gingivitis, or oral infections, leading to symptoms such as inflammation, bleeding, or gum recession.

150. Gum Inflammation: Inflammation of the gums (gingivitis), often caused by poor oral hygiene, plaque buildup, bacterial infections, or systemic conditions, leading to redness, swelling, bleeding, and tenderness of the gingival tissues.

151. Hay Fever: Allergic rhinitis triggered by pollen or mold spores, causing symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes, or throat irritation, typically occurring seasonally or year-round depending on the allergen.

152. Halitosis: Bad breath or oral malodor, often caused by poor oral hygiene, gum disease, dry mouth, oral infections, or systemic conditions, with treatments including proper dental care, mouth rinses, or addressing underlying causes.

153. Hangover: A collection of symptoms experienced after excessive alcohol consumption, including headache, nausea, fatigue, dehydration, dizziness, and sensitivity to light and sound, resulting from alcohol's effects on the body and dehydration due to increased urine production.

154. Head Pressure: Sensation of heaviness, tightness, or discomfort in the head or skull, often described as pressure or squeezing, with potential causes including tension headaches, sinus congestion, migraines, or intracranial pressure changes.

155. Headaches: Pain or discomfort in the head or neck region, classified into various types such as tension headaches, migraines, cluster headaches, or sinus headaches, with triggers including stress, dehydration, muscle tension, or underlying medical conditions.

156. Heart Disease: A group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, or heart valve disorders, with risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, or family history.

157. Heart Disorder: Any abnormality or dysfunction affecting the structure or function of the heart, encompassing various conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, or congenital heart defects, which may require medical management or interventions.

158. Heart Failure: A chronic progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and fluid retention, with various underlying causes and contributing factors.

159. Heart Function: The ability of the heart to pump blood efficiently and effectively throughout the body, regulated by electrical impulses, contractility of cardiac muscle, and coordination of heart chambers, valves, and blood vessels.

160. Heart: A muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the circulatory system, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs while removing metabolic waste products, with four chambers (atria and ventricles) and associated valves and blood vessels.

161. Heart Stenosis: Narrowing or constriction of the heart valves or blood vessels, impeding blood flow and causing symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, or heart palpitations, which may require surgical intervention or medical management.

162. Heart Valve Diseases: Disorders affecting the heart valves, including stenosis (narrowing), regurgitation (leaking), or prolapse (bulging), leading to abnormal blood flow, heart murmurs, or symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, or palpitations.

163. Heartburn Chronic: Persistent or recurring burning sensation or discomfort in the chest or upper abdomen, often rising from the stomach to the throat, caused by gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) or other conditions affecting the esophagus.

164. Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding or loss of blood from ruptured blood vessels, organs, or tissues, occurring internally or externally and leading to symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, fainting, or shock, with potential life-threatening complications depending on the location and severity of the hemorrhage.

165. Hemorrhoids: Swollen or inflamed veins in the rectum or anus, causing pain, itching, bleeding, or discomfort, often associated with straining during bowel movements, constipation, or pregnancy, with treatments including dietary changes, topical creams, or surgical procedures.

166. Hepatitis A: An infectious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), typically transmitted through contaminated food or water, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and fever, usually resolving without chronic liver damage.

167. Hepatitis B: A viral infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), transmitted through exposure to infected blood, bodily fluids, or from mother to child during childbirth, leading to acute or chronic liver infection, with symptoms ranging from mild flu-like illness to severe liver damage, cirrhosis, or liver cancer, often requiring antiviral medications or vaccination for prevention.

168. Hepatitis C: A viral infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), typically transmitted through contact with infected blood, needles, or from mother to child during childbirth, leading to acute or chronic liver infection, with symptoms ranging from mild illness to severe liver damage, cirrhosis, or liver cancer, often treated with antiviral medications.

169. Hernia: A protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening or weakened area in the abdominal wall or surrounding muscles, causing a visible lump, pain, or discomfort, with different types including inguinal hernias, umbilical hernias, or hiatal hernias, often requiring surgical repair.

170. Herpes Simplex Virus: A group of viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) causing infections characterized by painful blisters or sores, typically around the mouth (HSV-1) or genital area (HSV-2), with recurrent outbreaks triggered by factors such as stress, illness, or sun exposure.

171. Hiccups: Involuntary contractions of the diaphragm muscle followed by sudden closure of the vocal cords, producing a characteristic sound, often triggered by eating too quickly, drinking carbonated beverages, or excitement, usually resolving spontaneously but may persist in some cases.

172. High Blood Pressure: Elevated blood pressure levels above the normal range, known as hypertension, with risk factors including genetics, diet, lifestyle, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, or underlying medical conditions, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, or other complications.

173. Hip Fracture: Break or crack in the proximal end of the femur (thigh bone) within or near the hip joint, often caused by falls, trauma, or osteoporosis, leading to severe pain, immobility, and functional impairment, requiring surgical repair and rehabilitation.

174. Hip Pain: Discomfort or pain in the hip joint or surrounding structures, often due to osteoarthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, muscle strains, fractures, or referred pain from the lower back or pelvis, requiring evaluation and management to relieve symptoms and restore function.

175. Hives: Raised, itchy, red welts or bumps on the skin, known as urticaria, resulting from allergic reactions, medications, infections, or other triggers that cause histamine release and inflammation, with treatments including antihistamines, corticosteroids, or avoidance of triggers.

176. Hodgkin's Disease: A type of lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system, characterized by abnormal growth of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes, leading to painless swelling, fever, night sweats, weight loss, or other systemic symptoms, usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy.

177. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), affecting the immune system by targeting CD4+ T cells, leading to progressive immune dysfunction and susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers, managed with antiretroviral therapy to suppress viral replication and delay disease progression.

178. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): A group of viruses infecting the skin and mucous membranes, with some types causing genital warts and others associated with cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, and other cancers, transmitted through sexual contact or skin-to-skin contact, preventable with vaccination.

179. Hyperacidity: Excessive acidity or acid production in the stomach, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, acid reflux, indigestion, or stomach ulcers, often caused by diet, stress, medications, or underlying medical conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

180. Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar levels above the normal range, often associated with diabetes mellitus, stress, illness, or certain medications, leading to symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, or blurred vision, requiring monitoring and management to prevent complications.

181. Hyperopia: Farsightedness, a common refractive error of the eye, in which distant objects are seen more clearly than near objects, due to the eyeball being too short or the cornea having too little curvature, corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.

182. Hypertension: High blood pressure persistently above the normal range, known as the "silent killer" due to its often asymptomatic nature, with risk factors including genetics, diet, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, or underlying medical conditions, requiring lifestyle modifications and medication management to reduce cardiovascular risk.

 183. Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the thyroid gland, leading to excess production of thyroid hormones, causing symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, tremors, sweating, heat intolerance, or nervousness, requiring medical treatment to regulate hormone levels and manage symptoms.

184. Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar levels below the normal range, often associated with diabetes mellitus, excessive insulin, missed meals, alcohol consumption, or certain medications, leading to symptoms such as shakiness, dizziness, sweating, confusion, or fainting, requiring prompt treatment to raise blood sugar levels.

185. Hypotension: Low blood pressure persistently below the normal range, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, fatigue, or blurred vision, often caused by dehydration, medications, heart conditions, or neurological disorders, requiring evaluation and management to prevent complications.

186. Hypothermia: Abnormally low body temperature below 95°F (35°C), resulting from exposure to cold environments, immersion in cold water, or underlying medical conditions, leading to symptoms such as shivering, confusion, slurred speech, or loss of consciousness, requiring rewarming and medical intervention to prevent organ damage or death.

187. Hypothyroidism: Underactivity of the thyroid gland, leading to insufficient production of thyroid hormones, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, or depression, requiring lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy to restore hormone levels and alleviate symptoms.

188. Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues and organs, leading to cellular dysfunction, metabolic imbalance, and potentially life-threatening complications, often caused by respiratory conditions, cardiovascular disorders, anemia, or high-altitude exposure, requiring oxygen therapy or interventions to improve oxygenation.

189. Iatrogenic Disease: A disorder or complication resulting from medical treatment, procedures, or interventions, including adverse drug reactions, surgical errors, hospital-acquired infections, or complications of medical devices or implants.

190. Immune Deficiency: Impaired function or deficiency of the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, or malignancies, caused by genetic defects, medications, infections, or underlying medical conditions, requiring management to prevent complications and enhance immune function.

191. Impetigo: A contagious bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, characterized by red sores or blisters that rupture and develop honey-colored crusts, typically affecting children and requiring antibiotic treatment to prevent spread and complications.

192. Incontinence: Loss of voluntary control over bladder or bowel function, leading to involuntary leakage of urine or feces, with types including stress incontinence (leakage with activities such as coughing or sneezing), urge incontinence (sudden, intense urge to urinate), overflow incontinence (incomplete bladder emptying), or functional incontinence (due to physical or cognitive impairments), requiring evaluation and management based on the underlying cause and severity.

193. Infection: Invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, in the body, leading to localized or systemic inflammatory responses, tissue damage, and host symptoms or illness, requiring antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, or preventive measures.

194. Influenza: A contagious viral respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses, with symptoms including sudden onset of fever, chills, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, and headache, typically resolving within a week but may lead to severe complications, especially in high-risk individuals.

195. Ingrown Toenail: A condition in which the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, inflammation, and potential infection, often due to improper nail trimming, tight-fitting shoes, or nail trauma, requiring conservative measures or surgical intervention for relief.

196. Insomnia: Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or achieving restorative sleep, leading to daytime fatigue, irritability, impaired concentration, or mood disturbances, often caused by stress, anxiety, poor sleep habits, medical conditions, or medications, requiring behavioral, cognitive, or pharmacological interventions to improve sleep quality.

197. Intestinal Obstruction: Partial or complete blockage of the intestines, impairing the passage of food, fluids, and waste products, leading to abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, constipation, or inability to pass gas, with causes including adhesions, hernias, tumors, or inflammation, requiring medical evaluation and treatment.

198. Iron Deficiency Anemia: A common type of anemia characterized by low levels of circulating red blood cells or hemoglobin due to insufficient dietary iron intake, blood loss, or impaired iron absorption, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, or palpitations, requiring iron supplementation and management of the underlying cause.

199. Itching: Unpleasant sensation or tingling of the skin that triggers a desire to scratch, often caused by irritants, allergies, dry skin, insect bites, infections, or underlying medical conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, or liver disease, requiring symptomatic relief and treatment of the underlying cause.

200. Jaundice: Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood, resulting from liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or excessive breakdown of red blood cells, with associated symptoms such as dark urine, pale stools, fatigue, or abdominal pain, requiring evaluation and management of the underlying cause.

201. Jet Lag: Temporary disruption of the body's internal clock or circadian rhythm due to rapid travel across multiple time zones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, irritability, digestive disturbances, or difficulty concentrating, requiring adjustment of sleep-wake patterns and adaptation to the new time zone.

202. Joint Pain: Discomfort, soreness, or inflammation affecting one or more joints, commonly caused by arthritis, injury, overuse, or underlying medical conditions, leading to stiffness, swelling, limited range of motion, or functional impairment, requiring evaluation and management based on the underlying cause and severity.

203. Kidney Disease: Impaired kidney function or damage to the kidneys, leading to retention of waste products, electrolyte imbalances, fluid overload, and systemic complications, with causes including diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, infections, or medications, requiring medical evaluation, monitoring, and treatment to slow disease progression and manage symptoms.

204. Kidney Stones: Solid crystalline deposits that form in the kidneys from dissolved minerals in urine, leading to intense pain, urinary symptoms, and potential complications such as obstruction, infection, or kidney damage, requiring pain management, hydration, and sometimes interventions such as lithotripsy or surgical removal.

205. Knee Pain: Discomfort or inflammation affecting the knee joint, often due to overuse, injury, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ligament tears, or meniscus injuries, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, or instability, requiring evaluation, imaging, and management based on the underlying cause and severity.

206. Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear or vestibular system, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, imbalance, or hearing loss, often caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or vestibular disorders, requiring symptomatic management and sometimes antibiotics or vestibular rehabilitation.

207. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx (voice box) due to infection, irritation, or overuse, leading to hoarseness, voice changes, sore throat, cough, or difficulty speaking, often caused by viral infections, vocal strain, or exposure to irritants, requiring voice rest, hydration, and symptomatic relief.

208. Lead Poisoning: Toxicity or accumulation of lead in the body, leading to neurological, hematological, gastrointestinal, or renal dysfunction, especially in children, from ingestion or inhalation of lead-containing substances such as paint, dust, or contaminated water, requiring removal of lead sources, chelation therapy, and supportive care.

209. Leg Cramps: Sudden, involuntary muscle contractions or spasms in the legs, often occurring at night (nocturnal leg cramps) or during exercise, due to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, muscle fatigue, or underlying conditions such as peripheral artery disease or neurological disorders, requiring stretching, hydration, and management of contributing factors.

210. Leg Pain: Discomfort, aching, or soreness affecting the legs, often due to overuse, injury, muscle strains, nerve compression, vascular disorders, or underlying medical conditions such as arthritis or deep vein thrombosis, leading to pain, swelling, weakness, or mobility limitations, requiring evaluation and management based on the underlying cause and severity.

211. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection caused by Leptospira species, transmitted through contact with contaminated water, soil, or animal urine, leading to flu-like symptoms, jaundice, kidney failure, meningitis, or severe pulmonary hemorrhage, requiring antibiotic treatment and supportive care.

212. Leukemia: A group of cancers affecting the blood-forming tissues, characterized by abnormal proliferation of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, fever, infections, bruising, bleeding, or enlarged lymph nodes, with various subtypes requiring chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

213. Lice: Parasitic insects infesting the scalp (head lice), body (body lice), or pubic area (pubic lice), causing itching, redness, and irritation, transmitted through close contact or sharing of personal items, requiring topical or oral treatments to eliminate lice and prevent reinfestation.

214. Lipoma: A benign tumor or growth composed of fat cells, often located beneath the skin, with a soft, doughy consistency and slow growth, usually painless and asymptomatic but may cause discomfort, cosmetic concerns, or functional impairment if large or located in sensitive areas, requiring surgical removal for symptomatic relief.

215. Liver Disease: Disorders affecting the liver, including inflammation (hepatitis), fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer, or liver failure, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, swelling, easy bruising, or mental confusion, with causes including viral infections, alcohol abuse, obesity, autoimmune conditions, or genetic factors, requiring medical evaluation, monitoring, and treatment to prevent complications and preserve liver function.

216. Low Back Pain: Discomfort, soreness, or stiffness affecting the lower back region, often due to muscle strain, ligament sprain, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or poor posture, leading to pain, limited mobility, or radiating symptoms into the buttocks or legs, requiring evaluation, imaging, and management based on the underlying cause and severity.

217. Lupus: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage to multiple organs and tissues, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes, fever, photosensitivity, or organ involvement, with periods of remission and flares, requiring immunosuppressive medications and supportive care.

218. Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, leading to flu-like symptoms, erythema migrans (bull's-eye rash), joint pain, neurological symptoms, or cardiac abnormalities, requiring antibiotic treatment and supportive care, with potential long-term complications if untreated.

219. Lymphoma: A group of cancers affecting the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, leading to symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, or fatigue, requiring chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy based on the subtype and stage.

220. Macular Degeneration: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition affecting the macula, leading to central vision loss or distortion, making it difficult to read, recognize faces, or perform detailed tasks, with risk factors including aging, genetics, smoking, or cardiovascular diseases, requiring regular eye exams and interventions to slow disease progression.

221. Malaria: A parasitic infection transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, caused by Plasmodium parasites, leading to flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, sweats, fatigue, anemia, or organ dysfunction, with various species causing different types and severity of malaria, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment with antimalarial medications.

222. Measles: A highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus, characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, and a distinctive red rash spreading from the face to the body, leading to complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, or death, preventable with vaccination.

223. Melanoma: A type of skin cancer arising from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin, leading to the development of abnormal moles or pigmented lesions, with potential for metastasis to other organs and tissues, requiring early detection, surgical removal, and sometimes adjuvant therapy for optimal outcomes.

224. Menopause: The natural cessation of menstrual periods and reproductive function in women, typically occurring in midlife, leading to symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, vaginal dryness, or sleep disturbances, due to hormonal fluctuations and ovarian decline, with management options including hormone therapy, lifestyle modifications, or supportive care.

225. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by infections (bacterial, viral, or fungal), leading to symptoms such as headache, fever, stiff neck, photophobia, altered mental status, or rash, requiring prompt diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and supportive care to prevent complications.

226. Migraine: Recurrent moderate to severe headaches characterized by throbbing pain, often unilateral and associated with nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, sound, or odors, with potential aura (visual disturbances), triggered by various factors such as stress, hormones, sleep disturbances, or dietary factors, requiring acute and preventive treatments to manage symptoms and reduce frequency.

227. Miscarriage: Spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the fetus reaches viability, often occurring in the first trimester and attributed to genetic abnormalities, chromosomal disorders, hormonal imbalances, uterine abnormalities, infections, or maternal health conditions, leading to vaginal bleeding, cramping, and emotional distress, requiring medical evaluation, support, and follow-up care.

228. Mononucleosis: Infectious mononucleosis, commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), characterized by fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue, with potential complications such as hepatitis, splenomegaly, or secondary infections, requiring supportive care, rest, and symptomatic treatment, usually resolving within a few weeks.

229. Motion Sickness: Nausea, dizziness, or vomiting triggered by motion or movement, such as traveling in cars, boats, airplanes, or amusement park rides, due to conflicting sensory signals to the brain, requiring avoidance of triggers, acclimatization, medications, or behavioral strategies to alleviate symptoms.

230. Multiple Sclerosis: A chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, numbness, balance problems, vision loss, cognitive impairment, or mobility limitations, requiring disease-modifying therapies, symptom management, and supportive care to slow disease progression and improve quality of life.

231. Mumps: A viral infection caused by the mumps virus, characterized by fever, headache, muscle aches, and swelling of the salivary glands (parotitis), leading to complications such as orchitis, meningitis, or deafness, preventable with vaccination.

232. Muscle Cramps: Painful involuntary muscle contractions or spasms, often occurring during or after exercise, due to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, muscle fatigue, or underlying conditions such as peripheral artery disease or neurological disorders, requiring stretching, hydration, and management of contributing factors.

233. Muscle Pain: Discomfort, soreness, or tenderness affecting the muscles, often due to overuse, injury, tension, inflammation, or underlying medical conditions, leading to stiffness, weakness, or limited mobility, requiring evaluation, imaging, and management based on the underlying cause and severity.

234. Muscular Dystrophy: A group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness, degeneration, and loss of muscle mass, due to defects in muscle proteins or structural proteins, leading to mobility limitations, respiratory insufficiency, or cardiac complications, with various types and inheritance patterns, requiring supportive care, physical therapy, or emerging therapies to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

235. Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, especially with repetitive movements, due to antibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to symptoms such as ptosis, diplopia, difficulty swallowing, or respiratory weakness, requiring immunosuppressive therapies, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, or other treatments to improve neuromuscular function and quality of life.

236. Myocardial Infarction: A heart attack, resulting from sudden blockage of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle, typically due to a blood clot or plaque rupture in a coronary artery, leading to ischemia, tissue damage, and cell death, with symptoms such as chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, or arm pain, requiring immediate medical attention, emergency interventions (such as thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention), and long-term management to prevent recurrent events and complications.

237. Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular layer of the heart, often caused by viral infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, or toxins, leading to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, or arrhythmias, requiring medical evaluation, supportive care, and treatment of the underlying cause to prevent complications such as heart failure or sudden cardiac death.

238. Narcolepsy: A chronic neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, hallucinations, or disrupted nighttime sleep, due to dysfunction in the brain's regulation of sleep-wake cycles or hypocretin deficiency, requiring symptomatic management with stimulant medications, antidepressants, or sodium oxybate to improve wakefulness and reduce symptoms.

239. Nasal Congestion: Blockage or obstruction of the nasal passages, leading to difficulty breathing through the nose, nasal discharge, sinus pressure, or impaired sense of smell, often caused by allergies, infections, sinusitis, nasal polyps, or structural abnormalities, requiring symptomatic relief with decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, or nasal saline irrigation.

240. Nausea: A subjective sensation of discomfort or queasiness in the stomach, often preceding vomiting but may occur without vomiting, due to various causes such as gastrointestinal disturbances, infections, medications, motion sickness, pregnancy, or underlying medical conditions, requiring identification and management of triggers, supportive care, and symptomatic relief.

241. Neck Pain: Discomfort or stiffness affecting the cervical spine or muscles in the neck region, often due to muscle strain, ligament sprain, cervical spondylosis, herniated discs, poor posture, or underlying medical conditions, leading to pain, restricted movement, headaches, or radiating symptoms into the arms, requiring evaluation, imaging, and management based on the underlying cause and severity.

 242. Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidneys, involving the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue, often caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, or systemic conditions, leading to symptoms such as hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, edema, or renal dysfunction, requiring medical evaluation, supportive care, and treatment of the underlying cause to prevent complications such as chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.

243. Nerve Pain: Discomfort, tingling, or shooting sensations originating from damaged or irritated nerves, often described as neuropathic pain, due to conditions such as nerve compression, injury, diabetes, infections, or neurological disorders, leading to burning, stabbing, or electric shock-like sensations, requiring evaluation, management of underlying causes, and treatments such as medications, physical therapy, or nerve blocks to alleviate symptoms.

244. Neuralgia: Sharp, stabbing, or shooting pain along the course of a nerve, known as neuropathic pain, due to nerve damage, inflammation, or compression, often described as trigeminal neuralgia (facial pain), postherpetic neuralgia (shingles pain), or sciatica (leg pain), requiring evaluation, management of underlying causes, and treatments such as medications, nerve blocks, or surgical interventions to relieve symptoms.

245. Neuritis: Inflammation of a peripheral nerve, leading to symptoms such as pain, tingling, numbness, weakness, or sensory disturbances along the affected nerve distribution, often caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or compression, requiring medical evaluation, supportive care, and treatments to reduce inflammation, relieve symptoms, and promote nerve healing.

246. Night Sweats: Episodes of excessive sweating during sleep, often soaking the bedclothes or pajamas, due to hormonal fluctuations, infections, medications, or underlying medical conditions such as menopause, hyperthyroidism, infections, or malignancies, requiring evaluation, management of underlying causes, and symptomatic relief to improve sleep quality and reduce nocturnal sweating.

247. Nosebleed: Bleeding from the blood vessels in the nasal passages, known as epistaxis, often triggered by dry air, trauma, nose picking, infections, allergies, or underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, bleeding disorders, or nasal polyps, requiring first aid measures, pressure application, nasal packing, or cauterization to stop bleeding and prevent recurrence.

248. Obesity: Excessive accumulation of body fat or adipose tissue, leading to a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, with risk factors including genetics, diet, physical inactivity, metabolic factors, or socioeconomic factors, increasing the risk of various health problems such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, or osteoarthritis, requiring lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, physical activity, behavioral interventions, or medical treatments to achieve weight loss and improve overall health.

249. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A mental health disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts or obsessions, and repetitive behaviors or compulsions performed to alleviate anxiety or distress, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning, with various obsessions and compulsions such as contamination fears, checking rituals, or symmetry concerns, requiring cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), medications, or other psychotherapeutic interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

250. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive loss of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, swelling, and functional impairment, especially in weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, spine, or hands, often due to aging, genetics, obesity, joint injury, or repetitive stress, requiring lifestyle modifications, exercise, physical therapy, pain management, or surgical interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve joint function.

251. Osteoporosis: A skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and increased risk of fractures, especially in the spine, hips, wrists, or ribs, due to aging, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle, or medications, leading to pain, fractures, and disability, requiring prevention strategies, lifestyle modifications, dietary supplements, medications, or fall prevention measures to reduce fracture risk and preserve bone health.

252. Otitis Media: Inflammation or infection of the middle ear, often caused by viral or bacterial pathogens, leading to symptoms such as ear pain, pressure, fluid drainage, hearing loss, or fever, especially in children, requiring medical evaluation, pain management, antibiotics (if bacterial), and supportive care to prevent complications such as hearing loss or chronic ear disease.

253. Ovarian Cancer: Cancerous growths or tumors originating from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum, often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, urinary symptoms, or weight loss, requiring surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapies, or immunotherapy based on the stage, histology, and genetic factors.

 254. Overactive Bladder: A urinary condition characterized by frequent, sudden urges to urinate, often accompanied by urinary incontinence or nocturia, due to bladder muscle overactivity, neurogenic dysfunction, or other contributing factors, leading to urgency, frequency, or leakage, with potential impact on quality of life and social functioning, requiring evaluation, behavioral interventions, pelvic floor exercises, medications, or invasive therapies to improve bladder control and reduce symptoms.

255. Overuse Injury: Tissue damage or musculoskeletal injury resulting from repetitive stress, strain, or excessive use of muscles, tendons, bones, or joints, leading to pain, inflammation, reduced function, or structural damage, often seen in athletes, workers with repetitive tasks, or individuals with poor biomechanics or training errors, requiring rest, activity modification, physical therapy, or ergonomic interventions to promote healing and prevent recurrence.

256. Paget's Disease: Paget's disease of bone is a chronic skeletal disorder characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, leading to enlarged, weakened, and deformed bones, with symptoms such as bone pain, fractures, deformities, or neurological complications, requiring medical evaluation, monitoring, and treatment to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and preserve bone health.

257. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones, alcohol abuse, medications, infections, or metabolic conditions, leading to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, or systemic complications such as pancreatic necrosis or organ failure, requiring hospitalization, supportive care, pain management, and treatment of the underlying cause.

258. Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, involving intense fear or discomfort along with physical symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, or dizziness, leading to anticipatory anxiety and avoidance behaviors, requiring cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), medications, or other psychotherapeutic interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

259. Parasitic Infections: Infections caused by parasites such as protozoa, helminths (worms), or ectoparasites, transmitted through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with infected individuals or animals, leading to a wide range of symptoms depending on the parasite involved, requiring diagnosis, specific antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and preventive measures to control transmission and prevent complications.

 260. Parkinson's Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, due to loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to movement difficulties, gait disturbances, and non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, depression, or autonomic dysfunction, requiring dopaminergic medications, physical therapy, and supportive care to manage symptoms and maintain quality of life.

261. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Ulcerative lesions or sores in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers), often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or excessive acid production, leading to abdominal pain, bloating, indigestion, or gastrointestinal bleeding, requiring acid suppression therapy, antibiotics (if H. pylori-positive), lifestyle modifications, or surgical interventions to promote healing and prevent complications.

262. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): A circulatory condition characterized by narrowing or blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the limbs, especially the legs, due to atherosclerosis, leading to symptoms such as leg pain, cramping, numbness, or weakness, especially during walking or exercise (intermittent claudication), with risk factors including smoking, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia, requiring lifestyle modifications, medications, exercise therapy, or revascularization procedures to improve blood flow and reduce cardiovascular risk.

263. Peripheral Neuropathy: Dysfunction or damage to the peripheral nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning sensations, weakness, or pain, often affecting the hands, feet, arms, or legs, due to conditions such as diabetes, infections, autoimmune diseases, toxins, or nerve compression, requiring evaluation, management of underlying causes, and treatments such as medications, physical therapy, or lifestyle modifications to relieve symptoms and prevent complications.

264. Personality Disorders: A group of mental health conditions characterized by rigid and maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, leading to impaired social functioning, relationships, and quality of life, with various types such as borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, or antisocial personality disorder, requiring psychotherapy, medications (for comorbid conditions), and supportive interventions to improve coping skills, self-awareness, and interpersonal relationships.

265. Pneumonia: An inflammatory lung infection affecting the air sacs (alveoli), often caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or aspiration of fluids or foreign substances, leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, chills, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or systemic manifestations, requiring prompt medical evaluation, antimicrobial therapy, oxygen supplementation, and supportive care to prevent complications such as respiratory failure or sepsis.

266. Poisoning: Toxic exposure to substances such as chemicals, medications, household products, plants, or venomous animals, leading to a wide range of symptoms depending on the toxin involved, with potential manifestations such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, altered mental status, respiratory distress, or organ failure, requiring immediate medical attention, decontamination, antidote administration, and supportive care to prevent morbidity and mortality.

267. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder characterized by irregular menstrual periods, ovarian cysts, and hyperandrogenism, leading to symptoms such as infertility, hirsutism, acne, obesity, or metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, requiring evaluation, lifestyle modifications, hormonal therapies, or fertility treatments to manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

268. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A mental health condition triggered by exposure to traumatic or life-threatening events, leading to symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance behaviors, emotional numbness, or mood disturbances, impairing daily functioning and quality of life, requiring psychotherapy, medications, or other interventions to address trauma-related symptoms, improve coping skills, and promote recovery.

269. Pregnancy: The physiological condition of carrying a developing fetus in the womb, leading to various physical, hormonal, and emotional changes, with symptoms such as missed periods, morning sickness, breast tenderness, fatigue, mood swings, or weight gain, requiring prenatal care, monitoring, nutritional support, and lifestyle modifications to promote maternal and fetal health throughout the gestational period.

270. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): A cluster of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, such as mood swings, irritability, bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, or food cravings, leading to discomfort and functional impairment, requiring lifestyle modifications, stress management, dietary changes, or medications to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

271. Prostate Cancer: Cancerous growths or tumors originating from the prostate gland, often diagnosed through prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examination (DRE), or prostate biopsy, leading to symptoms such as urinary problems (frequency, urgency, weak flow), blood in the urine or semen, erectile dysfunction, or bone pain, requiring active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy based on the stage, grade, and extent of the cancer, as well as patient preferences and overall health status.

272. Psoriasis: A chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches or plaques on the skin, due to abnormal immune responses causing accelerated skin cell turnover, leading to itching, pain, or bleeding, with potential involvement of nails, scalp, or joints (psoriatic arthritis), requiring topical treatments, phototherapy, systemic medications, or biologic therapies to control symptoms, reduce inflammation, and prevent complications.

273. Pulmonary Embolism: A life-threatening condition characterized by the sudden blockage of one or more arteries in the lungs, usually due to blood clots that travel from the legs (deep vein thrombosis), leading to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, cough, or hemoptysis, requiring immediate medical attention, anticoagulation therapy, oxygen supplementation, and supportive care to prevent recurrence and complications such as pulmonary hypertension or death.

274. Rabies: A viral infection of the central nervous system transmitted through the bite of infected animals, such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or skunks, leading to progressive encephalitis and death if left untreated, with symptoms such as fever, headache, agitation, hallucinations, paralysis, or hydrophobia (fear of water), requiring immediate wound care, post-exposure prophylaxis (vaccination and rabies immunoglobulin), and supportive care to prevent the onset of symptoms and fatal outcome.

275. Raynaud's Disease: A vascular disorder characterized by episodic vasospasm of the small arteries in the fingers and toes, triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress, leading to color changes (pallor, cyanosis, erythema), numbness, tingling, or pain in the affected extremities, requiring lifestyle modifications, thermal protection, medications (calcium channel blockers), or biofeedback techniques to improve blood flow and prevent attacks.

276. Rectal Bleeding: Passage of blood from the rectum or anus, often presenting as bright red blood in the stool, on toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl, with causes including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, colorectal cancer, or gastrointestinal bleeding, requiring medical evaluation, diagnostic tests (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy), and treatment based on the underlying cause and severity.

277. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): A neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs, often described as tingling, crawling, or itching sensations, leading to an irresistible urge to move the legs, especially during periods of rest or sleep, causing difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, requiring lifestyle modifications, medications (dopamine agonists, anticonvulsants, opioids), or other interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve sleep quality.

278. Retinal Detachment: Separation of the light-sensitive retina from the underlying layers of the eye, often due to tears or breaks in the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters, flashes of light, or sudden loss of vision, requiring prompt medical attention, retinal examination, and surgical intervention (laser therapy, cryotherapy, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, vitrectomy) to reattach the retina and prevent permanent vision loss.

279. Rheumatoid Arthritis: A chronic autoimmune inflammatory joint disease characterized by symmetric polyarthritis, joint swelling, stiffness, and systemic manifestations such as fatigue, fever, or rheumatoid nodules, leading to progressive joint damage, deformities, and functional impairment, requiring early diagnosis, aggressive treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, or targeted therapies, along with physical therapy and lifestyle modifications to control inflammation, preserve joint function, and improve quality of life.

280. Ringworm (Dermatophytosis): A fungal skin infection caused by dermatophyte fungi, leading to red, scaly, circular patches with raised borders on the skin (tinea corporis), scalp (tinea capitis), feet (tinea pedis), or groin (tinea cruris), with symptoms such as itching, burning, or hair loss, requiring topical or oral antifungal medications to eliminate the fungus and prevent spread or recurrence.

281. Rosacea: A chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by facial redness, flushing, visible blood vessels, papules, and pustules, often triggered by triggers such as sunlight, heat, spicy foods, alcohol, or emotional stress, leading to social embarrassment and psychological distress, requiring topical treatments, oral antibiotics, laser therapy, or other interventions to control symptoms, reduce inflammation, and improve skin appearance.

282. Rubella (German Measles): A viral infection caused by the rubella virus, characterized by fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and mild respiratory symptoms, often mild or asymptomatic in children but may cause serious complications such as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in pregnant women, leading to fetal malformations, miscarriage, or stillbirth, preventable with vaccination.

283. Scabies: A contagious skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, leading to intense itching, especially at night, and characteristic burrows or tracks on the skin, often affecting interdigital spaces, wrists, elbows, or genitalia, requiring topical scabicidal treatments (permethrin, lindane, or ivermectin) to eliminate the mites and prevent transmission.

284. Schizophrenia: A chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought processes, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors, leading to symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, impaired cognition, or social withdrawal, requiring lifelong treatment with antipsychotic medications, psychosocial interventions, supportive services, and rehabilitation programs to manage symptoms, prevent relapses, and improve functioning.

285. Sciatica: Pain radiating along the sciatic nerve, typically from the lower back through the buttocks and down the back of the leg, often due to lumbar disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or compression of the nerve roots, leading to sharp, shooting pain, numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness, requiring rest, pain management, physical therapy, or surgical interventions to alleviate symptoms and promote nerve healing.

286. Scleroderma: A chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, and vascular abnormalities, leading to thickening, hardening, and tightening of the skin and internal organs, with various subtypes such as localized scleroderma (limited) or systemic sclerosis (diffuse), requiring multidisciplinary care, symptom management, immunosuppressive therapies, vasodilators, or supportive interventions to slow disease progression and improve quality of life.

287. Seborrheic Dermatitis: A common chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by red, greasy, scaly patches or plaques on the scalp (dandruff), face, eyebrows, ears, or trunk, often exacerbated by stress, hormonal changes, or yeast overgrowth (Malassezia), leading to itching, flaking, or discomfort, requiring topical antifungal agents, corticosteroids, keratolytics, or medicated shampoos to control inflammation and scale production.

288. Seasonal Allergies (Allergic Rhinitis): Allergic inflammation of the nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, triggered by pollen, or psychological challenges, characterized by a range of physiological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions, leading to feelings of tension, worry, irritability, or fatigue, with potential impacts on health and well-being, requiring stress management techniques such as relaxation exercises, mindfulness meditation, deep breathing, physical activity, social support, time management, cognitive restructuring, or professional counseling to cope with stressors, improve resilience, and maintain overall health.

305. Stroke: A medical emergency characterized by sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to brain tissue damage and neurological deficits, often caused by ischemic stroke (blockage of a blood vessel) or hemorrhagic stroke (rupture of a blood vessel), with symptoms such as facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, vision changes, or sudden severe headache, requiring immediate medical attention, diagnostic imaging, thrombolytic therapy, clot retrieval, blood pressure management, and rehabilitation to minimize brain injury, prevent complications, and optimize recovery.

306. Substance Use Disorders: Chronic conditions characterized by compulsive drug or alcohol use despite harmful consequences, leading to physical dependence, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and impaired control over substance use, with various substances of abuse such as opioids, alcohol, stimulants, sedatives, cannabis, or hallucinogens, requiring comprehensive assessment, detoxification, behavioral therapies, medications (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone), support groups, or residential treatment programs to achieve and maintain recovery.

307. Sunburn: Skin damage caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, leading to redness, pain, swelling, blistering, and peeling of the skin, with potential long-term effects such as premature aging, skin cancer, or immune suppression, requiring symptomatic relief with cool compresses, moisturizers, pain relievers, or topical corticosteroids, along with sun protection measures (sunscreen, protective clothing, shade) to prevent further damage.

308. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): An autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by chronic inflammation affecting multiple organs and systems, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as joint pain, skin rashes, fatigue, fever, hair loss, photosensitivity, or organ involvement (e.g., kidneys, heart, lungs, brain), requiring multidisciplinary management, immunosuppressive medications, anti-inflammatory agents, hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, or biologic therapies to control disease activity, prevent flares, and improve quality of life.

309. Tendinitis: Inflammation or irritation of a tendon, often due to repetitive overuse, strain, or injury, leading to pain, swelling, tenderness, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint, with common sites including the shoulder (rotator cuff tendinitis), elbow (tennis elbow, golfer's elbow), wrist (de Quervain's tenosynovitis), knee (patellar tendinitis), or Achilles tendon, requiring rest, ice, compression, elevation, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroid injections, or in severe cases, surgical repair to promote healing and restore function.

310. Testicular Cancer: Cancerous growths or tumors arising from the testicles (testes), often presenting as painless testicular lumps, swelling, heaviness, or discomfort, with potential metastasis to nearby lymph nodes or distant organs, requiring early detection through testicular self-examination, medical evaluation, imaging studies (ultrasound), and treatment modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surveillance depending on the stage, histology, and prognosis.

311. Tetanus: A serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, leading to muscle stiffness, spasms, and potentially life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure or cardiac arrest, often transmitted through contaminated wounds or puncture injuries, requiring prompt wound care, tetanus immunoglobulin administration, antibiotics, and tetanus vaccination to prevent disease progression and complications.

312. Tinnitus: Perception of ringing, buzzing, humming, or other noises in the ears or head without external sound sources, often associated with hearing loss, ear injuries, noise exposure, age-related changes, or underlying medical conditions such as Meniere's disease or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, leading to annoyance, sleep disturbances, anxiety, or depression, requiring evaluation, management of underlying causes, and treatments such as sound therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), hearing aids, or medications to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

313. Toxoplasmosis: An infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, often transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food (undercooked meat, unwashed fruits/vegetables) or exposure to infected cat feces, leading to flu-like symptoms, lymphadenopathy, or severe complications such as ocular toxoplasmosis, encephalitis, or congenital toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, requiring diagnosis through serological tests, antiparasitic medications (e.g., pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine), and supportive care to prevent transmission and manage complications.

314. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Damage to the brain caused by external mechanical force, leading to cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioral impairments, with severity ranging from mild concussion to severe brain trauma, often resulting from falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, or assaults, requiring immediate medical attention, neurological evaluation, imaging studies (CT, MRI), monitoring, and rehabilitation interventions such as cognitive therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, or vocational rehabilitation to optimize recovery and functional outcomes.

315. Tuberculosis (TB): A contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs (pulmonary TB) but may involve other organs (extrapulmonary TB), leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, or hemoptysis, often transmitted through airborne respiratory droplets, requiring diagnosis through microbiological tests (sputum culture, TB skin test, interferon-gamma release assay), antimicrobial therapy (combination antibiotics), directly observed therapy (DOT), infection control measures, and public health interventions (contact tracing, latent TB treatment) to prevent transmission, achieve cure, and prevent complications.

316. Type 1 Diabetes: A chronic autoimmune condition characterized by destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and metabolic disturbances, typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, requiring lifelong insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, carbohydrate counting, dietary management, physical activity, and self-care practices to achieve glycemic control, prevent acute complications (hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis) and reduce the risk of long-term complications (cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy).

317. Type 2 Diabetes: A metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and hyperglycemia, often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetic predisposition, or aging, requiring lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss), oral antidiabetic medications (metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors), injectable therapies (insulin, GLP-1 receptor agonists), blood glucose monitoring, and regular medical follow-up to manage glycemic levels, prevent complications, and improve overall health.

318. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Bacterial infection of the urinary tract, including the bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis), or kidneys (pyelonephritis), typically caused by Escherichia coli or other uropathogens, leading to symptoms such as dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic discomfort, hematuria, or cloudy, foul-smelling urine, requiring empirical or targeted antimicrobial therapy based on urine culture and sensitivity results, hydration, and symptomatic relief with analgesics or urinary alkalinization to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications (e.g., ascending infection, sepsis), and promote recovery.

319. Urinary Incontinence: Involuntary leakage of urine due to bladder dysfunction, sphincter weakness, or pelvic floor disorders, leading to social embarrassment, hygiene concerns, or impaired quality of life, with various types such as stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, or mixed incontinence, requiring evaluation, behavioral interventions (bladder training, pelvic floor exercises), lifestyle modifications, medications (anticholinergics, alpha-blockers, mirabegron), devices (pessaries), or surgical procedures (sling procedures, bladder augmentation) to improve bladder control and reduce symptoms.

320. Urinary Stones (Nephrolithiasis, Urolithiasis): Solid crystalline deposits formed in the urinary tract, typically composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or struvite, leading to symptoms such as severe flank pain (renal colic), hematuria, dysuria, urinary urgency, or nausea/vomiting, requiring pain management, hydration, medical expulsive therapy (alpha-blockers, calcium channel blockers), lithotripsy, or surgical interventions (ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy) to fragment or remove stones, relieve obstruction, and prevent recurrence.

321. Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyomas): Benign smooth muscle tumors originating from the uterine wall, leading to symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), pelvic pain, pressure symptoms (bladder or bowel dysfunction), or reproductive issues (infertility, pregnancy complications), requiring medical management (hormonal therapy, tranexamic acid), minimally invasive procedures (uterine artery embolization, MRI-guided focused ultrasound), or surgical interventions (myomectomy, hysterectomy) based on symptoms, size, location, and fertility goals.

322. Varicose Veins: Enlarged, twisted, or swollen veins, usually in the lower extremities, due to weakened vein walls, valve dysfunction, or increased venous pressure, leading to symptoms such as leg pain, heaviness, swelling, cramping, itching, or cosmetic concerns, requiring conservative measures (elevation, compression stockings), lifestyle modifications (exercise, weight management), minimally invasive treatments (sclerotherapy, laser therapy, radiofrequency ablation), or surgical procedures (vein stripping, ligation) to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications (e.g., thrombophlebitis, venous ulcers), and improve venous circulation.

323. Vertigo: A sensation of spinning or rotational movement, often associated with vestibular system dysfunction, inner ear disorders (e.g., benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere's disease), vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis, or central nervous system lesions, leading to dizziness, imbalance, nausea, vomiting, or nystagmus, requiring evaluation, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, canalith repositioning maneuvers (Epley maneuver), medications (antihistamines, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics), or surgical interventions to alleviate symptoms, improve balance, and prevent falls.

324. Viral Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver due to viral infections, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E viruses, leading to acute or chronic liver disease, with symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or dark urine, requiring diagnostic tests (serology, viral load, liver function tests), supportive care, antiviral therapy (if available), vaccination (hepatitis A, hepatitis B), and lifestyle modifications (avoidance of alcohol, hepatotoxic drugs) to manage symptoms, prevent complications (cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma), and reduce transmission.

325. Vitamin Deficiencies: Nutritional deficiencies resulting from inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased requirements, or metabolic disorders, leading to various symptoms depending on the specific vitamin involved, such as fatigue, weakness, anemia (iron, vitamin B12, folate), night blindness (vitamin A), bleeding tendencies (vitamin K), neuropathy (vitamin B6), or bone abnormalities (vitamin D), requiring dietary modifications, supplementation, or medical management to correct deficiencies, improve nutritional status, and prevent complications.

326. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (Yeast Infection): Fungal infection of the vagina and vulva caused by Candida species, leading to symptoms such as vaginal itching, burning, irritation, dyspareunia, or abnormal vaginal discharge (thick, white, cottage cheese-like), often triggered by factors such as antibiotics, hormonal changes, diabetes, or immunosuppression, requiring antifungal treatments (topical azoles, oral fluconazole) to eliminate the fungus, relieve symptoms, and prevent recurrence.

327. Whooping Cough (Pertussis): A highly contagious bacterial respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, leading to severe paroxysmal coughing fits, "whooping" sound during inhalation, post-tussive vomiting, or apnea in infants, requiring supportive care, antibiotics (macrolides), and vaccination (DTaP for children, Tdap for adolescents/adults) to prevent transmission, alleviate symptoms, and reduce complications such as pneumonia, seizures, or death.

328. Yeast Infection (Candidiasis): Fungal infection caused by Candida species, affecting various parts of the body such as the skin, mouth (oral thrush), throat, esophagus, genitals (vulvovaginal candidiasis), or bloodstream (candidemia), leading to symptoms such as itching, redness, soreness, discharge, or mucosal lesions, requiring antifungal treatments (topical or oral azoles, polyenes, echinocandins) to eradicate the fungus, alleviate symptoms, and prevent dissemination or complications.

329. Zika Virus Infection: A mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Zika virus, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis, or neurological complications (Guillain-Barre syndrome, congenital Zika syndrome in infants born to infected mothers), requiring symptomatic treatment, supportive care, prevention of mosquito bites, and public health measures (mosquito control, travel advisories) to reduce transmission, prevent complications, and protect vulnerable populations.

330. Zinc Deficiency: Nutritional deficiency of zinc, an essential micronutrient involved in various physiological processes such as immune function, wound healing, growth, and development, leading to symptoms such as impaired immune response, delayed wound healing, hair loss, dermatitis, or growth retardation, requiring dietary supplementation or zinc-rich foods (meat, shellfish, legumes, nuts, seeds) to correct deficiencies, improve health outcomes, and prevent complications.

331. Zoster (Shingles): A viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, leading to a painful rash with fluid-filled blisters, typically localized to one side of the body along a dermatome, often preceded by prodromal symptoms such as pain, itching, or tingling, requiring antiviral medications (acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir) to shorten the duration of the illness, alleviate pain, and prevent complications such as postherpetic neuralgia.

332. Zinc Deficiency: A condition characterized by inadequate levels of zinc in the body, leading to various symptoms such as growth retardation, impaired immune function, dermatitis, hair loss, delayed wound healing, or reproductive abnormalities, requiring dietary supplementation, zinc-rich foods (meat, seafood, nuts, seeds), or oral zinc formulations to correct deficiencies, support overall health, and prevent complications.

333. Zygomycosis: Fungal infections caused by molds of the Zygomycetes class, such as Rhizopus, Mucor, or Rhizomucor species, leading to invasive diseases such as rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, or cutaneous mucormycosis, often affecting immunocompromised individuals (e.g., diabetes, hematologic malignancies, organ transplant recipients), requiring aggressive antifungal therapy (amphotericin B, posaconazole), surgical debridement, and management of underlying conditions to improve outcomes and prevent dissemination.